The modern Lord High Chancellor is the chief judge in England and a member of the cabinet. He also presides over the House of Lords as Speaker and appoints judges to the Court of Appeal, the High Court and County Courts.

As royal secretaries, medieval chancellors had administrative, judicial and ecclesiastical duties and pssessed political power second only to the king. Recieving all petitions to the monarch, the Chancellor tempered the common law and administered equity.

The office of Chancellor of Scotland expired in 1707.

The office of Lord Chancellor of Ireland expired in 1922 on the establishment of the Free State.

The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster manages the crown lands of the Duchy which are dispersed over several counties and is a member of the Ministry of Agriculture.

The Chancellor is the titular head of the University - an office which was established in medieval times by the Popes. Historically, the Chancellor had wide powers to make laws, set studies, appoint professors, etc. In modern times, Chancellors of Universities are limited to the general protection of the interests of the University, particularly in connection with the government. A Vice-Chancellor represents the office in actual administration.

Chancellors in Germany During the Third Reich, the Chancellor's title was 'Reichskanzler'. The german Chancellor in many ways corresponds to the british Prime Minister - he is chief of the federal officials.

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