The son of Henry II, the second Plantagenet king of England from the death of
his father in 1189. His spoke no English and spent most of his reign
crusading in the Holy Land, only being in England for six months.
| Richard I & the 3rd Crusade |
RICHARD I's JOURNEY TO PALESTINE
Richard I made a new alliance with Philip Augustus at Vezelai in 1190 and went to Sicily as part of the 3rd crusade.
At Sicily, in 1191, Richard I became betrothed to Berengaria of Navarre to the anger of Philip Augustus (he hed preiously been betrothed to Philip's sister, Adela). He also supported Tancred in his claim to the Sicilian throne which angered the rival claimant, Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor.
Because of the cruelty shown by King Isaac of Cyprus to English sailors, Richard I invaded Cyprus in 1191 and gave it to Guy of Lusignan (under Guy's successors, Cyprus would become a bulwark against the Turks). Richard married Berengaria of Navarre at Limasol.
Also in 1191, Richard I captured Acre. He quarelled with Leopold of Austria and tore Leopold's banner down from the walls; Lopold returned to Austria and Philip Augustus returned to France.
Richard routed the Saracens at Arsuf and fortified Ascalon for use as a base from which to mount operations against Jerusalem.
In 1192, the French troops deserted Richard I and returned to Acre.
Richard advanced within sight of Jerusalem, which his army was too weak to attack. He relieved Joppa.
Richard made a truce with Saladin which lasted for three years and allowed Christians to visit the Holy Sepulchre.
Having checked Saladin's progress, Richard I delayed the fall of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.
RICHARD's RETURN FROM PALESTINE
Richard I was forced to return from the Third Crusade by the treachery of Count John and the intrigues of Philip Augustus of France.
On his journey, he was shipwrecked in the Adriatic and captured in Vienna by Leopold of Austria.
Leopold gave Richard up to Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor who kept him captive in Germany for thirteen months.
The attacks in England and Normandy by Count John and Philip Augustus were sucessfully resisted (the resistance led by Queen Eleanor).
In spite of the efforts by Count John and Philip Augustus to keep Richard as a prisoner of Henry VI, he was released in on payment of Richard I's ransom of 150,000 marks and his acknowledgement of the Holy Roman Emperor's suzerianty over England in 1194.
see also: THE CRUSADES
The youngest (fifth) and favourite son of King Henry II (1154-1189) and Eleanor of Aquitaine, John was born on December 24th, 1166 or 1667. As the youngest son, he could expect no inheritance and thus was surnamed "Lackland".
In 1173, Henry II planned to assign to John extensive lands on his marriage to the daughter of Humbert III, count of Maurienne (Savoy) but the scheme was defeated by the rebellion it provoked among John's elder brothers, Henry and Richard. Various provisions were made for him in England from 1174 to 1176, including his succession to the earldom of Gloucester.
John was also granted the lordship of Ireland in 1177. He visited ireland from April 1185 till late in the year and acquired a reputation for reckless irresponsibility. Despite this, he continued in his father's favour, contributing to the rebellion in June 1189 of his older surviving brother, later Richard I, Coeur de Lion (Lion Heart) during which, for reasons which remain obscure, he deserted his father for the cause of his brother.
On the accession of his brother as Richard I in July 1189, John was made count of Moratin, confirmed as lord of Ireland, granted lands and revenues in England worth �6,000 per annum and married to Isabella, heiress to the earldom of Gloucester.
In March 1190, John promised not to enter England during the absence of his brother the king during his England, an oath which he broke when Richard I reconised his nephew, the three-year-old Arthur I, duke of Brittany, and son of his deceased elder brother Geoffrey as his heir to the throne in October, 1190.
John led the opposition to Richard I's chancellor, William Longchamp, and, on recieving the news in January 1193 that Richard I, had been imprisoned in Germany on his way back from the Richard I, allied himself with King Philip II Augustus of France in an unsuccessful attempt to seize the English throne. Although John was was forced to accept a truce in April, he made further arrangements with Philip for the division of Richard I's possessions and for rebellion in England.
On Richard's return early in 1194, John was banished from the kingdom and deprived of all his lands. Reconciled with the King in May 1195, he recovered some of his estates, including Mortain and Ireland.
It was only after the Bretons had surrendered Arthur to Philip II in 1196 that John was fully rehabilitated and Richard I recognized him as his heir.
In English law, by a statute of 1276, "time immemorial " was defined as ending at the beginning of Richard I's reign in the year 1189.
| 1157 | | Birth of the future king Richard I, the Lion-Heart to king Henry II (1154-1189)
| | BAAAGBWU BAAAGBVF | | 1189.Jun | | Henry II's favouritism of Prince John contributes to the rebellion of his elder brother Richard, later Richard I
For reasons which remain obscure, John deserted his father for the cause of his brother | | BAAAGBVF BAAAGEEU | | 1189.Jul | | On the accession of Richard I, Prince John made count of Moratin, confirmed as lord of Ireland, granted lands and revenues in England worth �6,000 per annum and married to Isabella, heiress to the earldom of Gloucester | | BAAAGEEU | | 1189.Sep.03 | | Death of Henry II. His son Richard I becomes king of England | | BAAAGBVF | | 1189.Sep.03 | | Richard I is crowned as king of England | | | | 1190 | | Departure of the Third Crusade from Dartmouth | | BAAAGBAV BAAAGECJ BAAAGBXR | | 1190 | | Richard I joins the Crusade with Philip Augustus of France | | | | 1190 | | William the Marshal promoted to serve on the council of regency ruling England while Richard I was away on the Third crusade | | BAAAGEHM | | 1190.Mar | | Prince John promises not to enter England during the absence of his brother, king Richard I, on crusade | | BAAAGEEU | | 1190.Oct | | Prince John breaks his oath and returns to England after Richard I reconises thier nephew, the 3-year-old Arthur I, duke of Brittany, and son of their deceased elder brother Geoffrey as his heir | | BAAAGEEU | | 1193.Jan | | News reaches Prince John that Richard I is imprisoned in Germany while returning from the crusade
He allies himself with King Philip II Augustus of France in an unsuccessful attempt to seize the English throne | | BAAAGEEU | | 1193.Apr | | Prince John forced to accept a truce but further arrangements with Philip II of France for the division of Richard I's possessions and for rebellion in England | | BAAAGEEU | | 1194 | | Prince John banished from the kingdom and deprived of all his lands | | BAAAGEEU | | 1194 | | Portsmouth recieves its Royal Charter | | BAAAGGAM | | 1194.Mar | | Richard I lands at Sandwich | | BAAAGEEU | | 1194.Apr.17 | | The Crown Wearing | | | | 1194.Jul.03 | | Richard I defeats Philip II | | | | 1195.May | | Prince John reconciled with King Richard I and recovers some of his estates, including Mortain and Ireland | | BAAAGEEU | | 1196 | | Truce concluded between Richard I and Philip Augustus of France | | BAAAGEEU | | 1196 | | Bretons had surrendered Arthur to Philip II | | BAAAGUUE | | 1196 | | Richard I recognises Prince John as his heir | | BAAAGEEU | | 1197 | | Refusal of the request of Richard I by the Great Council | | | | 1197 | | Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury, negotiates a peace with Wales | | | | 1199.Mar | | Richard I wounded by a crossbow bolt shot by Bertrand de Gourdon during the seige of the castle of Chalus | | BAAAGEEU | | 1199.Apr.06 | | Death of king Richard I from a crossbow bolt wound. His brother John becomes king of England | | BAAAGEEU | | circa 1230 | | Death pf Berengaria, wife of king Richard I | | | | 1260 | | Silver vase containing the heart of Richard I at Rouen melted down to aid in the ransom of St Louis from the Saracens | | | | 1838 | | Discovery of the tomb-statue of Richard I by Deville in Rouen Cathedral | | |
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| | The town was sold its first charter in 1189 granting it fredom from tolls and a measure of self-government to raise funds for Richard I's crusades. |
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