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THE CRUSADES
(1099-1291)
Index: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
 
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The 10th Century saw a religious revival with an increased number of pilgrimages to Jerusalem and a growth in reverence for the Holy City. Two chief factors were responsible for this revival of religion; the teachings of the monks of Clugny; and the belief that the end of the world would occur in 1000 A.D. or 1033, the year of Christ's death.

In 1067, Jerusalem was captured by the Seljuk Turks who ill-treated the increased numbers of pilgrims to the Holy City. In 1095, a Europe already roused by the preachings of Peter the Hermit was stirred into action and the mounting of the First Crusade in 1096 by a sermon of Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont. Of this sermon, Milman wrote "Never, perhaps, did a single speach of man work such extraordinary and lasting results."

Mounted in 1096, the First Crusade was led by Godfrey de Bouillon, Raymond of Toulouse, and Robert, duke of Normandy, and resulted in the capture of Jerusalem in 1099. Godfrey de Bouillon was crowned as the first King of the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem which was organised strictly according to the feudal system.

The conversion of Hungary to Christianity under King Stephen of Hungary afforded the Crusaders an overland route to the Holy Land; the Greek Emperors, fearing Turkish agression, also allowed the early crusaders to pass through Constantinople.

The crusades which were subsequently mounted aimed to protect the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem from the Turks.

The Second Crusade in 1147, led by Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III, utterly failed in it's object; to recover the country of Edessa from the Turks.

The crusade was caused by the taking of Jerusalem by Saladin in 1187.

Henry II and Philip Augustus of France took the cross in 1188 due to the preaching of William, Archbishop of Tyre (the famous historian of the third crusade). Their mutual jealousy prevented them from going to Palestine.

In England, Henry II levied the Saladin Tithe to meet the expenses incurred in the crusade.

Richard I was the leading figure in the Third Crusade and sold public offices to raise money for it.

The Fourth Crusade was diverted by the Venetians and took Zara from the Byzantines in 1202. Two years later it captured Byzantium itself and founded the Latin Empire.

The Albigensian Crusade, launched in 1208 was the first against Christians rather than Muslims.

It exterminated the Albigenses, condemned as heretics by Pope Innocent III, between 1208 and 1229.

The Children's Crusade was launched in 1212.

The Emperor Frederick II recognized by the Moslems as King of Jerusalem by diplomacy in 1229 founding the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem.

St Louis of France captured on crusade in Egypt in 1250 and the Mamelukes become the rulers of Egypt.

 

The crusaders acquired a taste for many of the things which they found in the Middle East during their campaigns there. Among these were bathing.

The crusaders returned from the Holy Land in the 12th century with the windmill which had been invented by the Arabs in the 7th century.

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1095A Europe roused by the preachings of Peter the hermit was commanded to save the Holy Land from the infidel by Pope Urban II
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1096Start of the First Crusade
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1096Robert II, Duke of Normandy mortgaged Normandy to William II for �6,000 to enable him to go on the First Crusade
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1099Jerusalem captured by the Crusaders and the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem established
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1099.Aug.19Crusaders beat the Saracens in Battle of Ascalon
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1100.Jul.18Baldwin I becomes king of Jerusalem
1114Count of Champagne travels to the Holy Land on crusade
1144Fall of Edessa
The fall of Edessa led to the second crusade
1145.Dec.01Pope Eugene III sends papal bull to Louis VII of France and the French proclaim the Second Crusade
Led by Louis and Emperor Conrad III from 1147-1149, the crusade fails to accomplish its goals
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1190Departure of the Third Crusade from Dartmouth
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1200The 13th century was the culmination of the Middle Ages which would decline until the birth of the Renaissance in the 15th century.
The kings of England had lost much of the French possessions brought by the first Plantagenet king and Normandy was lost during this century. Edward I (Longshanks ) conquered the Welsh princes and attempted to rule Scotland.
Abroad, the succession of crusades to wrest the Holy Land from the hands of the Muslims continued but would end with the fall of Acre at the end of the century.
Asia was dominated by the Mongols, the Mongol Dynasty in China at its zenith during the reign of Kublai Khan - during the century they advanced through Russia and even attacked Central Europe.
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1202The Fourth Crusade, diverted by the Venetians, took Zara from the Byzantines
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1204Fourth Crusade captures Constantinople and founds the Latin empire
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1208The Albigensian Crusade launched - the first against Christians
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1212The Childrens Crusade
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1250St Louis of France captured on crusade in Egypt
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1270.Aug.25Death of King Louis IX of France at Tunis on the Second Crusade
Later canonized as Saint Louis; the patron saint of barbers and hairdressers
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WILKIPEDIA
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KENT
  ROMNEY
The unusual stone coffin lid, set into the floor of the north chapel of the parish church of St. Clement, Old Romney, is thought to have belonged to a crusader.

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The Carmelite Order
was founded in 1156 on Mount Carmel by Berthold, a crusader.


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