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HISTORY OF CORNWALL
England
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The County of Cornwall     OS Grid Ref: ST675188

 The County of Cornwall

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1:1,000,000
1:500,000

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Stone Age

Palaeolithic

The archaeological evidence (consisting of the remains of flint implements such as axes and blades) shows that man had probably settled in Devon during the Palaeolithic period (Old Stone Age, c.400,000 BC - c.200,000 BC,) and were beginning to venture into Cornwall. By the Upper Palaeolithic period (c.40,000 BC), modern humans had spread throughout the SW region but so far no evidence of their although not settling in Cornwall has been found.

Mesolithic

The beginning of the Mesolithic period or Middle Stone Age coincides with the end of the last ice age about 10,000 years ago where the melting of the huge ice sheets caused sea levels to rise and this gave rise to the Fal estuary; the Carrick Roads at its mouth forming a sheet of water 26 square kilometres (10 sq. miles) in extent and exceeding 18 metres (60 feet) in depth.

Bands of hunter-gatherers began to settle the coastlines of Cornwall as on the Lizard peninsula and and on upland sites such a Bodmin Moor.

Neolithic

The Neolithic period or New Stone Age (c.4,000 - c.2,400 BC) saw the introduction of agriculture and great social changes as people abandoned the life of roving hunter-gatherers follwing their prey and settled in permanent or semi-permanent communities.

The adoption of agriculture allowed population to increase and it is during this period that there was an increase in the construction of monuments. Settlements, such as that on the top of Carn Brea were fortified.

It was during the Neolithic period that hedges first started to be used in Cornwall to enclose land for cereal crops.

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Bronze Age

The Early Bronze Age (c.2,400 - 1,500 BC) is defined by the introduction of metalworking, particularly in bronze, an alloy of copper and tin both of which are found in Cornwall. The tin could be obtained by streaming while the copper could be obtained by the open cast mining of exposed lodes.

The ceremonial and burial monuments of this period characterise it; stone circles, rows and single standing stones or menhirs, and barrows with kist graves.

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Population

Population1991
468,425
2001
501,267
+7%
Population Density1.41 /hectare

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Religion

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People

William Cookworthy (1705-1780), pharmacist and 'father' of the English porcelain and Cornish clay mining idustries.

Sir Goldsworthy Gurney (1793 - 1875), inventor of the limelight and the Bude light, he made a steam engine which travelled between London and Bath at an avarage 15mph.

Jonathan Trelawny (1650-1721), one of the seven bishops imprisoned in the Tower of London by king James II in 1688 - commemorated by the 19th century, the poet RS Hawker, the vicar of Morwenstow, who published the song "The Song of the Western Men" anonymously. Now known simply as "Trelawny", it has become the Cornish national anthem.

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Time-Line

This time-line has been generated for this page from our general time-line
which you can view by clicking here or on the dates in the left-hand column.

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8Diodorus Siculus names Cornwall \'Belerion\' (The Shining Land) - the first recorded place named in the British Isles
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19.Jun.21Solar eclispse visible from Cornwall
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28.Jul.21Solar eclipse visible from Cornwall
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43Roman invasion of Britain
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47Romans invaders reach Exeter in Devon
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55Roman invaders reach Nanstallon
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circa 57Construction of the Roman fort at Nanstallion (near Bodmin) to guard chief communictaion and trade route linking Fowey on the south coast to Camel on the north
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118.Sep.03Solar eclipse visible from Cornwall
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circa 250Romans begin to exploit Cornish tin
(FE Haliday)
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circa 250King Mark\'s era in Cornwall
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circa 250Irish raids on Cornwall
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circa 250Saints arrive in Cornwall
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circa 492Birth of St Selevan
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515The West Saxon advance halted by the Britons at the Battle of Badon (possibly led by a leader named Arthur)
(FE Haliday,1959)c. 500 Ambrosius Aurelianus defeats Saxons at Badon Hill
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577Battle of Deorham Down near Bristol results in the separation of the West Welsh (the Cornish) from the Welsh by the advancing of the Saxons
Bath, Cirencester and Gloucester mentioned in an account of the battle but not Bristol
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circa 600Earliest Christian church in Cornwall opens at St Piran�s Oratory
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639.Sep.03Solar eclipse visible from Cornwall
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664The Synod of Whitby; determines that England is again an ecclesiastical province of Rome. The structure of dioceses and parishes is established
The Celtic Church of Dumnonia (Cornwall)is not party to the decision - the Cornish Church retains its monastic in nature
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circa 700The Saxons reach the Bristol Channel cutting of the Celts of Cornwall from the Celts of Wales
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circa 700Cornwall had began to be recorded as Cornubia by the Romans, and its people as Cornovii or Cornavii
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705The Saxons under King Ine renew their westward advance into Devon and Cornwall
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710The Saxons occupy Exeter in Devon
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circa 710King Ina of the Wessex attempts to destroy the Celtic kingdom of Dumnonia
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722Roderic, King of the Britons in Wales and Cornwall, repels Adelred, King of Wessex
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787Viking Danes visit the coasts of Wessex
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807Viking Danes form alliance alliance with the Cornish against the Saxons
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814Ecgberht of Wessex conquers Cornwall
The Saxons \'laid waste the land from east to west\' but cannot subjugate the Cornish
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825Egbert, king of Wessex, repels the Vikings in North Cornwall and returns to route the Mercians at the battle of Ellendune (modern Wroughton, Swindon) assuring the predominance of Wessex
The Cornish defeated by Ecgberht at Gafulford (modern Galford on the River Lew in West Devon) He also conquered Kent, Sussex and Essex Check out Nether Wroughton
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838Egbert of Wessex wins a spectacular victory over the Danish/Cornish allies at Hingston Down (now in Cornwall)
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878Death of Dumgarth, king of the Cornish, by drowning
Dumgarth is identified as Doniert in Saxon records. Doniert\'s Stone stands in the parish of St Cleer, Cornwall
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927Athelstan of Wessex attacks the south western Celts forcing them to withdraw from Exeter
There is no record of him entering Cornwall - the Cornish king Hywel probably agreed to pay tribute to Athelstan
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931King Athelstan of Wessex creates the diocese of Cornwall with its see at St Germans (-c.1050)
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936Settlement between Cletic Cornish and King Athelstan of Wessex fixes the east bank of the Tamar as the boundary between Wessex and Cornwall
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968.Dec.22Solar eclipse visible from Cornwall
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997Danes raid the Severn estuary, Devon, Cornwall, Somerset and Wales (ASC)
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1023.Jan.24Solar eclipse visible from Cornwall
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1042Cornish see of St Germans is united with Crediton
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circa 1050Diocese of Cornwall combined with Devon, with see at Exeter
See of Crediton transferred to Exeter
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1066The Norman Robert of Mortain becomes Earl of Cornwall and builds a castle at Launceston
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1066The Norman Earl Ordulf is given charge of Moresk Castle, Truro, Cornwall
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circa 1100rugby evolves from hurling in Penzance
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1126Foundation of Launceston Priory (Cornwall) by the William-de-Warelwest, Bishop of Exeter
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1140Reginald of Dunstanville harasses Stephen\\\'s forces from Cornwall. He is defeated by Stephen
He is defeated by Stephen
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1141Reginald de Dunstanville becomes Earl of Cornwall (-1175)
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1166Launceston established as Cornwall\\\'s Assize Court (-1840)
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1201King John grants a charter to the Stannaries (Cornwall)
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1227Richard, brother of Henry III, becomes Earl of Cornwall
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1230.May.14Solar eclipse visible from Cornwall
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1275Bitter dispute between the Constable of Corfe Castle and the Abbot of Cerne about casks of wine washed up on Brownsea Island in Poole Harbour
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circa 1280Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, makes Lostwithiel the capital of the county
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1307The Tinners Charter granted by Edward I
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1307Liskeard in Cornwall becomes a stannary town
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1315Bad weather causes total failure of the harvest in Cornwall
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1338Edward the Black Prince, eldest son of Edward III, created first Duke of Cornwall
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1396Earliest record of lights to aid shipping in Cornwall - payment by fishermen of beaconage to the chapel of Carn Brea
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1473Lancastrian attempt to seize St Micheals Mount in Cornwall
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1496.SepAbortive attempt by the Scots to invade England in support of Perkin Warbeck with only 1,400 men
Warbeck had promised James IV 50,000 marks and the stronghold of Berwick-on-tweed once Warbeck becomes King of England
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1497.MayCornish Rebellion against the taxes of Henry VII for war against Scotland
The rebels were led by Thomas Flamanck and Michael an Gof - both executed
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1497.JunLord Audley takes command of the Cornish rebels as they march through Somerset to London
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1497.Jun.17Battle of Blackheath: Henry VII's vastly superior army under Giles, Lord Daubeney routes the Cornish rebels at Blackheath and its leaders are all captured ( !! or July 13th !! )
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1497.Jun.27Micheal an Gof and Thomas Flamank, leaders of the defeated Cornish rebels are executed at Tyburn
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1497.Jun.28Execution of Lord Audley, leader of the Cornish rebels at Tower Hill
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1497.Sep.07Perkin Warbeck lands at Whitesand Bay, Land\'s End, to seize the throne from Henry VII
He is proclaimed King Richard IV at Bodmin
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1499.Nov.23Execution of the pretender Perkin Warbeck
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1508Cornwall granted the Charter of Pardon by king Henry VII guaranteeing the rights of the Cornish Stannary Parliament - still extant as legislation
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1549Cornish uprising in protest against Edward VI\'s English Book of Common Prayer
The Book of Common Prayer was never translated into Cornish and spelt its demise as a living language
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1549.Sep.12The Council issue special orders for Devon and Cornwall; where the rebels have used the bells in every Parish as an instrument to stir the multitude and call them together that all bells in the two counties should be taken down leaving in every church one Bell the least of the Ring that is now in the same, which may serve to call the Parishioners to the Sermon and Divine Service.
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1577.Jun.08Imprisnment of Roman Catholic priest Cuthbert Mayne at Launceston in Cornwall
Francis Tregian was also imprisoned
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1577.Nov.29Martyrdom of the Roman Catholic priest Cuthbert Mayne for high treason at Launceston
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1578Peter Carder of Veryan was the first recorded european to travel the length of South America (east coast)
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1588.Jul.19Spanish Armada first sighted from Hazlephron cliff, Cornwall
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1591Death of Sir Richard Grenville of the Revenge
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1595Spanish raid on Penzance, Cornwall
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1598.Feb.25Solar eclipse visible from Cornwall
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1602Publication of Richard Carew\'s Survey of Cornwall
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1619John Killigrew\'s lighthouse at the Lizard built
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1629Imprisonment of Sir John Eliot
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1643Battles of Bradock Down, Stratton, Lansdown (Sir Bevil Grenville killed) and Roundway Down. Royalists take Bristol
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1644.AugRoyalists defeat Essex at Lostwithiel (after laying seige to the Cornish town throughout August) and push Essex to the old earthworks at Castle Dor
Charles I stayed at the nearby Boconnoc estate during the seige
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16462nd Battle of Lostwithiel; Royalists defeat Essex
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1646John Arundell surrenders Pendennis Castle
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1646Parliamentary army enters Cornwall led by Fairfax
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1646Fox\'s Shipping Agency founded
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1648William Cookworthy deposits at St Stephen in Brannel which led to the china clay industry in Cornwall
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1651John Grenville and Royalists driven out of Scilly
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1656Imprisonment of George Fox, founder of the Quaker sect, at Launceston, Cornwall
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1665Richard Lower experimented with blood transfusion, transfering blood form one dog\'s artery to another
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1688Imprisonment and acquittal of Bishop Trelawny
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1689Falmouth Packet service innaugurated, carrying the mail (first was from Falmouth to Corunna in Spain)
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1699Joel Gascoyne produces the first 1 inch to 1 mile County map - of mapping Cornwall
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1702Start of the ministry of the Earl of Godolphin
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1702First Falmouth Packet service across the Atlantic to the West Indies
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1705.Apr.12Birth of William Cookworthy (-1780), pharmacist and father of the English porcelain and Cornish clay mining idustries, at Kingsbridge, Devon
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1707Sir Cloudesley Shovel wrecked on the Scilly Isles
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1710End of the ministry of the Earl of Godolphin
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circa 1710Introduction of the first steam pump in Cornish mining
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circa 1710Capitalist development of Cornish tin and copper mining
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1715.May.03Solar eclipse visible in Cornwall excepting in the north and the south-east
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1743First visit to Cornwall by John Wesley
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1746William Cookworthy discoveres china clay at Tregonning Hill ,Helston
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1754William Borlase publishes his Antiquities of Cornwall
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1773Cornishman William Bligh discovered bread fruit on the island of Otaheite (also known as King George III\'s Island)
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1774Building of the inner harbour at Megavissey, Cornwall
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1776John Edyvean invented the inclined plane system, to reduce the necessity for locks on the canal system
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1777Death of Dorothy (or Dolly) Pentreath, reputed to be the last speaker of the Cornish language
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1777James Watt erects his first steam engine in Cornwall
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1780.Oct.17Death of William Cookworthy (1705-), pharmacist and father of the English porcelain and Cornish clay mining idustries
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1787Riots at Poldice mine in Cornwall due to the copper depression
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1789Last visit to Corwall of John Wesley
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1790William Gregor discoveres manaccanite, now know as Titanium at Manaccan, at the Lizard
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1792First convict ship leaves for Australia
On board is Cornishman James Ruse from Launceston
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1801British engineer Richard Trevithick devises a steam road carriage
Trevithick constructed the first passenger carrying steam engine known locally as the puffing devil at Penydaren
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1801Publication of Cornwalls first newspaper The Cornwall Gazetet and Falmouth Packet
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1801.Dec.24Richard Trevithick runs a steam car up Camborne Hill
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1805First anouncement of the death of Nelson in England made from the balcony of the Unoin Hotel, Penzance
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1808Invention of the Breeches Boy by Henry Trengrouse
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1810.Jul.20First publication of The West Briton and Cornwall Advertiser
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circa 1810Mining commences at the North Levant Mine in Cornwall
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1811Death of Philip Rashleigh (1729-)
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1812Andrew Pears of Mevagissey, perfects the refining of soap
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1818Foundation of the Royal Institution of Cornwall
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1824.Nov.22The Great Gale rages for 2 days, during high tides, battering the West Country and leaving a trail of devastation in its wake
The bad weather continued - a week later the Dutch vessel Leonora went ashore at Chesil Beach between Wyke and Portland, all her crew and cargo lost
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1825RS Hawker writes The Song of the Western Men, later adopted as the Cornish national anthem
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1827Opening of the incomplete Liskeard-Looe Union Canal in Cornwall
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1832Reform Act: number of Cornish MPs reduced from 42 to 12
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1833Death of the British engineer and inventor Richard Trevithick (1771-)
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1834Opening of the Bodmin-Wadebridge Railway
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1836Rich deposits of copper, tin and lead found at Caradon Hill near Liskeard in Cornwall
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1837Discovery of copper at Caradon, Cornwall
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1838Abolition of tin coinage
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1840Cornwall\'s assizes moved from Launceston to Bodmin
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1840.Apr.13Execution of the Lightfoot brothers at Bodmin jail, Cornwall for the murder of Mr Neville Norway
Specialexcursion trains were run from Wadebridge carrying 1,100 spectators
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1841The Old Delabole Slate Company formed from five quarries in Delabole, Cornwall
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1842Man engine installed at Tresavean mine
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1842Publication of An Illustrated Itinerary Of The County Of Cornwall by Cyrus Redding
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1846Queen Victoria visits the Polberro Mine in St Agnes, Cornwall
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1847Plymouth-Falmouth railway began
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1851.AugDiscovery of gold in Australia leads thousands of Cornish miners to emigrate there
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1852Completion of the West Cornwall railway (Penzance - Truro)
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1856Cornish copper production hits a peak of 209,000 tons of ore
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1859.Apr.11First train passes over the Royal Albert Bridge from Plymouth to Truro
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1859.May.03Brunel\'s Royal Albert Bridge linking Saltash in Cornwall to Plymouth in Devon opened by Prince Albert
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1863.Oct.26Birth of the Cornish composer of many famous Christmas carols, Thomas Merritt (-1908), at Illogan
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1864The Mines Commission
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1866Financial crisis, collapse of copper mining, and emigration of miners from Cornwall
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1871The control of the militia removed from the Lord-Lieutenants of the counties
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1872.Oct.19World\'s largest gold nugget (weighing 215 kg) found in New South Wales by two Cornishmen
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1875Death of English inventor Sir Goldsworthy Gurney
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1876Cornwall ceases to be an archdeaconry, the diocese of Cornwall is reinstated with the see at Truro
By the Bishopric of Truro Bill
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1877Henry Jenner discovers a fragment of early Cornish verse consisting of 41-line on the back of a charter dated 1340 while working at the British Museum as Keeper of Manuscripts
Jenner was responsible for the revival of the Cornish language in the early 20th century
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1877City status granted to Truro in Cornwall by Queen Victoria
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1881Lanhydrock House in Cornwall largely rebuilt after a disasterous fire
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1888Building ofthe outer harbour at Mevagissey, Cornwall
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1889.Jan.16First county council elections held
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1890Bob Fitzsimmons of Helston becomes heavy-weight boxing champion
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circa 1890Cornwall suffers decline in tin mining and fisheries while the china clay and tourist industries expand
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1891.MarGreat blizard; outer harbour walls washed away at Mevagissey, Cornwall
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1891.Mar.09Hurricane claims over 200 lives as 63 ships founder off the SW coast and Cornwall suffers blizards and snowdrifts 20 feet deep
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1893Publication of The St. Ives Weekly Summary newspaper
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1893Cornwall first free public lending library building opens in Penzance
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1893.Jan.10Flooding disaster as Wheal Owles mine in St Just claims the lives of 20 Cornish miners
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1893.Jun.06J Passmore Edwards is made the first Freeman of the City of Truro for his gifts to the City and the County of Cornwall
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1897Outer harbour walls rebuilt at Megavissey, Cornwall
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1897Formation of the Truro Diocesan Guild of Ringers
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1898Victoria Gardens in Truro are laid out and open for public use commemorating the 60th year of the reign of Queen Victoria
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1898Cornish Old Delabole Slate Company becomes a limited liability company
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1901Radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi sends the first transatlantic signal from the Lizard in Cornwall
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1901The Cornish Guardian newspaper first published at Bodmin
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1902Opening of the Camborne and Redruth Tramway
This was Cornwall\'s only electric street tramway. It was unique in Britain as it transported minerals as well as passengers
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1903.Jul.06GWR Chacewater to Perranporth branch line (via St Agnes) opened in Cornwall
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1904Publication of Jenner\'s Handbook of the Cornish Language
The book prompted the revival of the Cornish language
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1905First publication of The Newquay Express newspaper
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1905.Jan.02GWR Chacewater to Perranporth branch line extended to Newquay in Cornwall
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1908.Apr.17Death of the Cornish composer of many famous Christmas carols, Thomas Merritt (1863-), aged 46
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1910Completion of the building of Truro Cathedral in Cornwall
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1913First Publication of The St Ives Times newspaper
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1919The Royal Institution of Cornwall moves into its present building in River Street, Truro
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1919.Oct.20The Levant Mine disaster at St Just claims the lives of 31 Cornish miners when main rod of the man-engine breaks
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1920Donald Healey transmits an air-to-ground radio message over Perranporth
This is the first such transmission in Cornwall and possibly the first in Britain
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1920Foundation of the first Old Cornwall Society at St Ives
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1920Formation of the Wadebridge Male Voice Choir (Cornwall)
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1921Closure of Dolcoath, Cornwall�s deepest mine at 3,500 feet
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1921Lord-Lieutenants of the counties lost power to call on men of the county to fight in case of need
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1921First pilgrimage in honour of St Cuthbert Mayne organised at Launceston by Fr Richard McElroy
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1925.JanCornwall County Council adopts the Public Libraries Acts establishing the county\'s first public lending library service
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1925.JanCornwall County Council adopts the Public Libraries Acts establishing the county\'s first public lending library service
BAAAGCEK BAAAGBHZ
1928Cornwall County Council purchases its first exhibition library van
The van crried about 2,000 books, visiting each village regularly to permit the public to select books
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1928The first Cornish Gorsedd held at Boscawen symbolising the resurgent interest in Cornwall\'s cultural and linguistic heritage
Instituted by Henry Jenner, it was conducted by Pedrog, Archdruid of Britain
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1928Cornwall College becomes the first college of further education in the county
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1930Publication of Cornwall: a survey of its coast, moors and valleys, with suggestions for the preservation of amenities by the Council for the Preservation of Rural England
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1931Discovery of the remains of a Roman villa at Magor Farm, Camborne, Cornwall
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1932Miss Rowena Cade and her gardener start carving out an amphitheatre on the cliffs at Porthcurno, Cornwall
It later became the Minack Theatre
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1935Cornish author Silas K Hocking becomes the first author to sell 1 million books in his lifetime
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1945The Newquay Express newspaper becomes the Newquay Guardian and Cornwall County Chronicle
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1950The Royal Institution of Cornwall suggests the establishment of a County Record Office to the County Council
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1950.May.24Opening of Wesley Cottage at Trewint in Cornwall as a Wesley Museum and place of pilgrimage
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1951Formation of Mebyon Kernow (The Sons of Cornwall)
Originally formed as a pressure group to work within existing political parties canvassing for Cornwall to achieve greater control of its own destiny
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1951Publication of Farewell Aggie Weston, Charles Causley\'s first volume of poetry
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1955The Newquay Express newspaper becomes the Newquay Guardian and Cornwall County Chronicle (which started publication as The Newquay Express) is incorporated as a local edition of the Cornish Guardian
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1957The St Ives Times newspaper becomes the St. Ives Times and Echo (incorporating the Western Echo)
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1961Opening of the Tamar Bridge carrying the A38 from Plymouth in Devon to Saltash in Cornwall
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1961Opening of the Tamar Bridge carrying the A38 from Plymouth in Devon to Saltash in Cornwall
BAAAGDZE BAAAGBED BAAAGCEK BAAAGCEI BAAAGBHZ GBGJ BAAAGBGJ
1963.Feb.04GWR Chacewater to Newquay branch line closed in Cornwall
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1966RNLI decides a Lifeboat Station is needed between Newquay and St Ives on the north Cornish coast, deciding to place it at St Agnes
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1967BBC\'s Blue Peter Appeal for paperback books buys four Inshore Life Boats (ILBs)
Blue Peter IV stationed at St Agnes
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1967.Jan.30Closure of the North Cornwall Line for all passenger traffic
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1967.Mar.18Tanker Torrey Canyon carrying 119,328 tons of oil runs aground on the Seven Stones Reef, Isles of Scilly, causing fouling of the north and south coasts of Cornwall by oil
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1967.Mar.21The Torrey canyon is abandoned
Losing crude oil, it causes a slick 35 miles long and 20 wide
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1970Foundation of the Institute of Cornish Studies
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1970Foundation of a Chair of Cornish Studies at Exeter University
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1977Cornish Old Delabole Slate Company liquidated by bankers - the quarry falls into corporate onwership
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19781,014-km (630 mile) South West Coast Path from Minehead in Somerset to Poole in Dorset becomes a complete National Trail
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1985The tin prices crashes from �10,000 to �3,400 per tonne
The crash signalled the death-knell for the remains of the Cornish tin-mining industry
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1986Closure of the Geevor mine in Cornwall
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1987.Nov.04Land\'s End in Cornwall sold for nearly �7m to property tycoon, Peter de Savary who plans major expansion of tourist facilities at the site
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1990Trinity House National Lighthouse Centre opens in Penzance
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1993.Jun.29St. Michael\'s Church in Newquay is destroyed by an arson attack
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1993.AugThe Geevor Mine in Cornwall opens as a heritage centre
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1999.JunManagement buy-out at Delabole quarry forms the Delabole Slate Company Ltd
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1999.Aug.11Total solar eclipse visible from the Scilly Isles, Cornwall and South Devon, partial eclipse in the rest of England
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2003.OctCornwall\'s NHS, $31-million in debt, barred from taking �8-million loan from Cornwall County Council\'s reserve by auditors
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2003.Oct.26Sutton Harbour Holdings which runs Plymouth Airport has started a new airline, Air Southwest to fly between Newquay, Plymouth and Gatwick
BA decided to end services Cornwall and Plymouth earlier in 2003
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2003.Nov.01Truro and St Austell MP Matthew Taylor calls for central government to write of the Cornish health authority\\\'s �31-million debt
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2003.Nov.28Goverment announces A30 imporovements to create a continuous dual carriageway between Camborne and the M5 at Exeter are a priority
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2003.Dec.03Frustrated with being unable to catch enough fish, Micheal Ellis of Newlyn caught over 120 sharks in a week earning over �7,000 amidst protests from conservationists
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2070.Sep.23Total solar eclipse visible from West Cornwall
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28.Jul.21Solar eclipse visible from Cornwall
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Year   Word/Phrase    

CLICK HERE for the Cornish Time-Line on Cornwall Couty Council's web-site collated by the Cornish Studies Library, Redruth.

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  Old County Hall, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3AY
  tel: 01872 323129
 
e-mail: cro@cornwall.gov.uk

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